What Is Hypnosis free essay sample

Word count 2017 â€Å"What is hypnosis? † Describe the physical and psychological aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy. Hypnosis is a very natural state of consciousness in which we are able to completely relax our mind and body, it is not in any way a magic spell that has been put on a person, nor does it hold any mystical powers or is it supernatural in anyway. Hypnosis causes the person hypnotised to display and experience both physical and psychological changes. Relaxation is the key to hypnosis it is also a direct result of being hypnotised. When we are hypnotised we experience many different physical and psychological phenomena many of which aren’t anything out of the ordinary and can be experienced in everyday life, some others are slightly more unusual and are usually only experienced when hypnotised. Hypnosis has come a long way from the days of Franz Anton Mesmer in the late 18th century, Mesmer believed in a magnetic fluid which passed through the body when the person to be ‘mesmerised’ would hold metal rods which had been submerged in a large tub of magnetised water, the person would experience convulsions and fall to the floor to be cured of the symptoms affecting them. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Hypnosis? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The modern day the hypnotist does not bear any resemblance to the mystical character we have seen in the past, it is unlikely you will ever find hypnotist like Mesmer in this day and age or even Svengali, who was a fictional character depicted by George Du Maurier in the 1894 novel Trilby. Svengali with his pointed beard and dark piercing eyes used his evil influence for personal gain. People like Mesmer and the character Svengali have become the ideal that many people relate to hypnotism. Many people throughout the years have followed the path created by Mesmer, developing techniques along the way. It was James Braid a Scottish physician who coined the term ‘hypnosis’ which came from the name for the Greek god of sleep Hypnos. Braid later regretted this as hypnosis is not actually sleep it is a different state of consciousness to sleep, he then tried to use the word monoideism in its place but this never caught on. Hypnosis is now known to be a deep state of relaxation or trance like state, using the repetition and tone in the hypnotists voice we can allow ourselves to relax deeply into this trance like state, opening our powerful subconscious mind and letting it take over the conscious. When in this deeply relaxed state the brain actually changes the frequency of brainwaves as we become more relaxed both physically and mentally, as we gently ease into this hypnotic trance we can easily accept suggestion whilst all the time being completely in control of our own mind and body. We can measure the frequency of these brainwaves using electroencephalography or EEG as it is more widely known, using EEG and understanding the way brainwaves work we can get a better understanding of how we come to enter a hypnotic trance, There are four main types of brain wave. Beta are the fastest of all the brain waves at 15 to 40 cycles per second, usually Beta waves occur while we are focussed and thinking logically for example when engaging in conversation, holding a debate and actively taking in information on a daily basis, these waves are produced in abundance. Alpha waves are the second type they are slower than Beta at 9 to 14 cycles per second and occur whilst we are relaxed and maybe resting after using the Beta waves during intense conversation, the relaxed state we enter when in Alpha waves can come and go and are not always present in the brain. Alpha waves are not present at times when we are angry experiencing fear or are in a deep sleep. They are present during the lighter stages of hypnosis. Theta waves have a pace of 4 to 8 cycles per second and are onsiderably slower present at times of sleep usually whilst dreaming, in a deeply relaxed state such as hypnosis and when performing tasks we do without consciously thinking about them such as driving a familiar journey, when Theta waves are activated we can experience high levels of emotion they are associated with the subconscious mind, sometimes the subconscious mind holds painful memories that don’t occur all the time so these theta waves can cause these memories to come t o the conscious mind, which is why this can be so important during hypnotherapy. Delta waves are the slowest at 1 to 4 cycles per second occurring during deep sleep there are no other brain waves present during Delta, a very deep dreamless sleep takes you right down to the lowest levels so does deep hypnosis but never they never go below 1 as this would be brain dead. During hypnosis we move gradually through the different levels of consciousness never jumping through the levels of brain wave activity but moving smoothly through them, whilst we are wide awake we would be in Beta brain wave state, alert and wide awake, moving gradually to Alpha as we start to relax into the slower state of consciousness, then moving through to Theta once completely relaxed and going into a deep hypnosis, finally Delta waves may kick in if we are so deeply hypnotised, then as we are gradually re-orientated we come back up through the stages in reverse order one by one until we reach Beta and are alert and wide awake once more. Of course we do go into a trance like state during every day life we don’t actually have to be hypnotised, but this trance can be compared to hypnosis. One good example of this is whilst driving a familiar journey that we may take every day, the subconscious mind takes over the conscious probably dipping into those Alpha waves, sometimes we will reach the destination with absolutely no idea how we arrived but somehow have arrived there safely. This actually happens because everything you have learned during life is stored up in the subconscious mind, how to drive has been stored up so the conscious mind doesn’t have to work hard so it drifts off whist the subconscious mind keeps you doing what you have already learned in the past, until there is a change to the regular route and you have to stop at a red light this is when the conscious mind comes back and you wonder how you got to that place so fast. The aspects of hypnosis I have already explained all happen psychologically within the brain, when we look at stage hypnosis we see popular misconceptions we have been led to believe, everything is visual we see actual evidence of hypnosis, or we are made to believe that we are seeing real hypnosis this is all the showmanship of the hypnotist, of course the people who are hypnotised could well be but usually this is done back stage to save time and sometimes the people have been pre chosen to perform. As the hypnotist uses his ‘powers’ taps the person or tells them â€Å"sleep† for example they suddenly fall into a deep sleep, some of this could be due to conformity, the people do what they believe is expected of them. Catalepsy is a phenomena of hypnosis that we may see evidence of on stage in the form of the human plank trick when the hypnotised person remains rigid as another person stands on them as they are suspended by using two chairs at either end of the body. It can also be used as a test to check if a client is hypnotised during a hypnotherapy session, the hypnotist will suggest to them they are unable to move a part of the body and indeed they cannot. Other physical aspects of hypnosis occur naturally in everyday life sometimes when we rest or sleep. Eyelids may flutter as they start to relax into hypnosis the client may or may not notice this but like all the other aspects this is completely normal. They may also have rapid eye movements similar to the ones we have in REM sleep. Physical relaxation is another indication the client is hypnotised, their muscles will relax the jaw may relax and drop open slightly, they may even slobber a little bit, the pulse rate changes as the person starts to relax deeper and also as the breathing becomes slower and more rhythmic. Usually when going through a relaxation technique the hypnotist will ask the person to concentrate on their breathing resulting in it becoming slow and deep. Just as we do when we are falling asleep we may feel our body twitch subtly as we enter hypnosis and all the muscles in the body start to relax, sometimes the eyes water but it doesn’t mean the client is crying we can check this later on though by asking questions about the clients experience. Subjects of hypnosis also experience changes to the senses, hyperaesthesia occurs when the senses become super-acute even tiny changes in temperature have been noticed by people who have been hypnotised, we could experience a change in our senses if we were to be blindfolded our other senses would change to allow for the lack of vision but when using hypnosis the change would be rapid. As well as hyperaesthesia it is possible to experience hypnotic anaesthesia or analgesia which is pain relief on different levels. Analgesia is the term used to describe localised pain relief due to loss of sensation in that specific area, to anaesthetise a person the hypnotherapist would use suggestion under hypnosis to lose the sensation in that particular area, in stage hypnotism we would see the like of this for the person to be pricked on the finger and not feel the pain or in a medical situation the person could actually be operated on in a specific part of the body that has been anaesthetised by hypnosis. It is possible to hallucinate during hypnosis, although not without suggestion, for example the hypnotist can tell the hypnotised person there is something there that actually doesn’t exist and they will see it, also they can use this the other way around by suggesting to the person that an object actually isn’t in the room when it is. An important psychological change that may occur under hypnosis is hypersuggestability, for example the person to be hypnotised not to feel pain in their arm during an operation would not be able to achieve such a thing if they weren’t under hypnosis and able to accept the suggestion that they wouldn’t feel the pain unless they were actually hypnotised. There are other phenomena like this such as time distortion, a client who has had an hour long hypnotherapy session could re-orientate feeling like only 10 minutes has passed. To be able to achieve these things and to be treated using hypnotherapy there must be an element of trust between the hypnotherapist and the client, as it is important the client is able to relax in the environment with their hypnotherapist. Relaxation during hypnotherapy is probably the most important aspect as hypnosis is a deep state of relaxation and without relaxation hypnotherapy would not be possible. We become relaxed by listening to the hypnotherapists voice repeating the hypnotic induction all the time the mind and body needs to be able to relax to make the session as successful as possible. A hypnotist does not hold special powers to send you into a trance you have to be relaxed to allow yourself to go into the deep state of hypnosis for hypnotherapy to begin. Hypnosis is an extremely useful tool, even if ultimately it is only used as relaxation as learning to relax can be hugely beneficial to everybody. The history of hypnosis proves to be an interesting insight into how hypnosis and hypnotherapy has evolved over the years, how relaxation has become a much more important aspect of hypnotherapy and how hypnosis has been used throughout the years by many different people. The cycles of the brainwaves show us that every stage of hypnosis it an important one becoming deeply relaxed enough to reach the powerful subconscious mind and to experience all of the physical and psychological aspects, in order to let the power of suggestion be delivered, hopefully to change life for the better.

The Stranger by Chris Van Allsburg

The Stranger by Chris Van AllsburgThe Stranger is an excellent, unique way to read Chris Van Allsburg's essay topics. The author's style is a blend of history and mystery. It's a challenging read, and the essays are fairly long.The Stranger, by Chris Van Allsburg, was published in 1994, and it has sold well ever since. The writing is strong, though the book contains quite a bit of mild profanity and some offensive language. If you like profanity in fiction or nonfiction, this book is perfect for you.Although the Stranger is about a kidnapping, the topics it tackles are very relevant to students who want to gain a deeper understanding of the events and people of the 19th century. The different topics cover everything from the social status of the women in the story to the suspicious circumstances surrounding the disappearance of the kidnapped children. It covers everything, but instead of putting it all together, Van Allsburg divides the book into five parts and gives the reader all t he essay topics at the beginning of each section.This second final part of the book is probably my favorite of the five, and I found myself really enjoying each essay. At first I thought that I was reading a string of newspaper articles. And I wasn't surprised to find out that each essay actually deals with the newspaper clippings from the period in question.One of the strengths of the book is that it is quite readable, which means that even the essays that get difficult will still appeal to many readers. You'll find yourself going back to read on a regular basis. I especially liked the essays on the social status of the women in the story.While the essay topics are quite engaging, Van Allsburg makesa number of thoughtful points throughout the book. The opinions he expresses throughout the book would be considered radical by some, but they are actually quite common. The author also does a good job of expanding on what he had presented in the opening chapter of the book.The book is a vailable in several different versions. The first edition is relatively short and contains just twenty-two essays. The paperback edition of the book includes more essays, some on alternate versions of the story, and it comes with a foreword by the author.If you enjoy your fiction with some mystery mixed in, you should read The Stranger. It's a well-written book that will keep you thinking about the same thing you were when you first opened the book. If you're looking for a challenging read, you'll find that The Stranger is worth a read.

patient

Should a doctor always tell the truth to his patient? This question may seem very simple for most of us but when we look at this question closer we can recognize that it is a real difficult problem that our doctors face in everyday life. Not telling the truth may take many forms, also has many purposes, and, of course, leads to many different consequences. Telling the truth and untruth, in fact, takes one of the common questions that our humanity tried to solve over time but unfortunately nobody knows exactly what is better: always telling the truth or concealing some information and lying. Not telling the truth in the doctor-patient relationship requires special attention because some patients today, more than ever, experience serious harm if doctors hide some information about patient’s condition. Honesty matters for patients. They need it because they are ill, vulnerable, and they want to feel support in their relationship with doctors. Usually ill patients ask doctors some questions, which require truthful answers. But not all doctors know how to respond properly to their patients. Doctors have two choices, which they can use in their practice. For every doctor it is very important to make a proper choice to answer to the patient and be sure what kind of consequences their answer can lead to. First choice is telling the truth and the second choice is to give information that will not be so harmful for the patient. To find the best way to answer this question is not easy because all people are different and our views are also not alike. We do not know exactly how another person will react and that is why we have to think before saying anything. Usually, patients like to get good news from their doctors, but, in some cases, it’s almost impossible to get good news about their health. The lack of correct information makes a patient unable to plan his or her life. For example, if a person has cancer or any other form of illness as A... patient Free Essays on Doctor/patient Should a doctor always tell the truth to his patient? This question may seem very simple for most of us but when we look at this question closer we can recognize that it is a real difficult problem that our doctors face in everyday life. Not telling the truth may take many forms, also has many purposes, and, of course, leads to many different consequences. Telling the truth and untruth, in fact, takes one of the common questions that our humanity tried to solve over time but unfortunately nobody knows exactly what is better: always telling the truth or concealing some information and lying. Not telling the truth in the doctor-patient relationship requires special attention because some patients today, more than ever, experience serious harm if doctors hide some information about patient’s condition. Honesty matters for patients. They need it because they are ill, vulnerable, and they want to feel support in their relationship with doctors. Usually ill patients ask doctors some questions, which require truthful answers. But not all doctors know how to respond properly to their patients. Doctors have two choices, which they can use in their practice. For every doctor it is very important to make a proper choice to answer to the patient and be sure what kind of consequences their answer can lead to. First choice is telling the truth and the second choice is to give information that will not be so harmful for the patient. To find the best way to answer this question is not easy because all people are different and our views are also not alike. We do not know exactly how another person will react and that is why we have to think before saying anything. Usually, patients like to get good news from their doctors, but, in some cases, it’s almost impossible to get good news about their health. The lack of correct information makes a patient unable to plan his or her life. For example, if a person has cancer or any other form of illness as A...

Booker T Washington Essays - Booker T. Washington, American Slaves

Booker T. Washington an African American was born on April 5, 1856 in Hale?s Ford, Virginia. Booker T. Washington was born into slavery but however he was freed by the Civil War in 1865. Also, Booker T. Washington?s original name was Booker Taliaferro. Washington?s father was an white man and his mother was one of the slaves of James Burroughs. Later on Booker T. Washington?s mother remarried a slave by the name of Washington Ferguson and when Booker was enrolled in school, he took the last name of his stepfather becoming known as Booker T. Washington. However, even though Booker T. Washington went to Franklin County school, he was not there as a student but to carry books for one of James Burroughs's daughters since it was illegal to educate slaves that time. In the summer of 1865, Booker T. Washington migrated with his siblings to Malden, West Virginia to join his stepfather. However, even though Washington?s mother couldn?t read herself, she encouraged Booker T. Washington to rea d by buying him spelling books. As time went on Washington?s mother also enrolled Booker T. Washington in an elementary school. Encouraged by his teacher Booker T. Washington learned how to read and write but he still wasn?t satisfied, he wanted to pursue his education. At the age of sixteen, Booker T. Washington left Malden and enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, in Hampton, Virginia. However, Washington didn?t have enough money to pay for his school fees so he worked at the school to pay for his education throughout the way. Due to his education and strong beliefs Washington was an African American educator, orator, author and a dominant leader. From 1878-1879 Washington attended Wayland Seminary in Washington, D.C., and returned to teach at Hampton Institute. ?The president of Hampton, Samuel C. Armstrong recommended Washington to become the first principal at Tuskegee Institute.? (wikianswers.com) Tuskegee Institute was opened in July 4, 1881. The year af ter the institute opened booker T. Washington purchased former plantation which went on to become the permanent site of the campus. Under Booker T. Washington?s directions, the students learned how to provide for their basic necessities themselves. ?The main goal of Tuskegee Institute was not to produce farmers and tradesmen, but teachers of farming and trades who taught in the new high schools and colleges for blacks across the South.? (wikipedia.com) Now Tuskegee Institute is known as Tuskegee University.In his whole lifetime Booker T. Washington married three times. First, he married Fannie N. Smith and had one daughter. Fannie died in May of 1884. Next, Washington married Olivia A. Davidson. They had two sons Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington before she died in 1889. Last, Booker T. Washington married Margaret James Murray who outlived Washington and died in 1925. Despite Washington?s, widespread work, his health was getting worse rapidly. He died in his ho me in Tuskegee on November 14, 1915 at the age of fifty nine. It was later discovered that the reason for his death was hypertension. Booker T. Washington was buried on the campus of Tuskegee University near the University Chapel.

Frosted Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Frosted Plc - Essay Example 135). To be understandable, the company has to distinguish between basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share should be calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to ordinary shareholders, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding should be adjusted of the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. If the number of ordinary or potential ordinary shares increases as a result of capitalisation, bonus issue, share split or other reasons, the calculation of earnings per share and diluted earnings per share should be re-calculated retrospectively (Tiffin 2004, p. 137). Materiality means that insignificant amounts should be ignored. ... To do so, it should be able to (a) help them assess past, present, or future events and to (b) confirm or amend past assessments they have made (IASB framework n.d.). Disclosure of relevant information is closely related to the concept of materiality - what is material is likely to be relevant. Relevant information also includes changes in number of shares in issue during the year and the dilution of earnings per share caused by the conversion of potential ordinary shares to ordinary shares (Tiffin 2004, p. 138). Reliability is influenced by the use of estimates and by uncertainties in the recognition and measurement of items. These uncertainties are dealt with by disclosure and by practicing prudence in preparing financial statements (IASB framework n.d.). An enterprise should disclose (a) the amounts used as the numerators for any earnings per share figures and a reconciliation of the amounts to the reported net profit or loss for the period and (b) the weighted average numbers of ordinary shares used as the denominator of any earnings per share figure. A reconciliation among the differing numbers of ordinary shares should be given where appropriate. Basic and diluted earnings per share should be presented, with equal prominence, on the face of the income statement. If an enterprise discloses additional earnings per share figures, example excluding a one off, exceptional cost, then the calculations should be as for basic or diluted earnings per share figures. All earnings per share figures should be disclosed with equal prominence (Tiffin 2004, p. 137). Substance over form means that the underlying business position matters rather than the legal form. For example, equipment may be leased over 5 years-60 monthly installments being paid;

What is a good tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is a good tax - Essay Example The people in the state do not see the need as to why the government should reduce its expenditure but expenditure should be sufficient to meet the needs of the people. Most of the former politicians in Illinois State have faced significant challenges in their effort to come up with a good tax. One of the former Governors of the state by the name Scott Walker worked hard to cut the rights of the public employees to participate in collective bargaining. Deputy Director of the local council of the American Federation State said that the governor had an obsession of destroying the unions belonging to the public employees. The same director said that Mr. Rauner was trying to stir up the bitterness of the public employees who include teachers, firefighters, and police officers. The unions in Illinois State are always against a leader who tries to change the tax system of the state. Mr. Rauner may have a good idea of increasing the tax income of the state and improve economy of the state in the end. Most unions do not understand that when the economy is stable, having low unemployment rates will increase the tax income and government expenditure too. There is need for the citizens in the state to give the politicians independence to come up with a good tax system that will benefit both the employed and unemployed. A good tax is one that will enable the unemployed to venture into small-scale businesses and earn a living out of it. Davy portrays a good tax as one that is sufficient enough to avoid cutting of the benefits of the retirees because they have saved enough to rely on and survive on during their retirement period. However, Mr. Rauner said that the only problem he had was with the union leaders in the public sector who donated to political leaders. He claims that the government union has power to influence politicians in contracts negotiations about pensions, scales of payments,

A Freudian Analysis of Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) :: Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat Essays

A Freudian Analysis of Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) "Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat" can be a poem that represents a sexist view of women while identifying the three psychological entities; the id, ego, and superego. The cat in the poem represents the human female. Throughout the poem it is referred to as a "she", and identified with similar, sexist traits that women have. These traits are laziness, the need for shiny, pretty objects, and an unquenchable desire for material goods. Just as the cat is drawn by the gold fish so is a woman's attention drawn to this glimmering metal. Just as line 24 says "What female heart can gold despise." The cat's desire for the glistening fish ultimately ends in its death. This is similar to what will happen to a woman if left to her desires unchecked. This cat has nothing in its life to prevent it from its folly. A woman needs a man to set her on the right path. If left to her own devices it will mean her end, or so that's what the poem implies of women. I the end a universal moral is introduced that can be applied to the human world, "Not all that tempts your wand'ring eyes, and heedless hearts is lawful prize, nor all that glisters gold." (lines 40-42) This then leads into a perfect comparison of women and men as two psychological entities, the id and superego. Since the cat in the poem is so consumed by its desire that it impulsively acts on its greed and is a representation of the human female then obviously women can be considered representations of the Id. They impulsively act on their desires and ultimately, like the cat, are consumed by these desires if left unchecked. This is where man comes in. Men must be there and act as the superego holding back a woman's natural desire for material gain. Since both represent a different entity respectively then obviously the union of man and woman must be the ego. A balance between the two. A woman's desire for material gains and a man's natural inclination for law and order. This then does bring in the idea that certain human traits can be identified not only as manlike and womanlike but also things that are naturally inclined towards the superego and the id.