Algerian Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Algerian Government - Essay Example In fact, the president is so powerful that the government can be defined by merely one man. Similarly, the country has a bicameral legislation that is composed of elected delegates who also serve 5 year terms. As compared with the government structure of the United States, there are many differences. Firstly, the President of the United States although head of the military does not share the same authoritarian power structure that the president of Algeria has. Similarly, the elections in the United States are mostly fair and free; not as the case with Algeria (Ruedy 8). Although Algeria has one of the highest standards of living in the continent of Africa, the country still does not have the basic freedoms that democratic systems take for granted. Algeria is ranked very poorly with respect to human rights abuses as well as overall freedom of the press (Suer 5). Because of this and the authoritarian structure of its government, Algeria is not a form of government that many might necessarily chose to live

Philosophy The New Testament Essay Example for Free

Philosophy The New Testament Essay It is a well known fact that the Bible is at the head of the list of the most widely read books in the whole world. Moreover, it seems that with time the Bible only expands its range of influence as this text is being constantly examined by representatives of various religious groups, by historians, by philosophers, and by many other people. In this regard, what makes the Bible such a prolific and unique religious and historical text is its wide scope of significance and various patters of meaning in it which, depending on the employed analytical tools, can contain different messages within the same parts of the text. Let us on the example of the excerpt from the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament try to find out how meaning and significance are encoded in the Biblical texts, and what approaches readers can use to extract messages contained in these writings. The larger context of the chapter with the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection The excerpt that we are about to explain in a systematic way is tentatively called â€Å"The Question about the Resurrection† in the book of Kurt Aland â€Å"Synopsis of the Four Gospels†. Indeed, this part of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark is dealing with the question that at first might seem to undermine the very idea of resurrection, and is giving the answer of Jesus Christ to that apparent dilemma. However, before going into the details of the polemics between Christ and Sadducees, it would be helpful to consider the general content of the chapter, so that we could better appreciate the context in which the question about the resurrection is discussed. The excerpt about the resurrection issue is preceded by the mentioning that Jesus had started speaking in parables. In accordance with this, in the first part of the twelfth chapter the parable of the tenants is given, then a famous answer of Christ about paying of taxes to Caesar follows, then goes the question about the resurrection, and before its end the chapter also includes several other important teachings of Christ. What unites all of these sub-parts of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark is that most of them, including the question about the resurrection, give account of the immediate instances of communication of Christ with people who are integral participants of dialogs, so that their questions and answers shape the way Christ responds and teaches. Meaning conveyed by the form of the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection With this larger context of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in mind, we can start the analysis of the excerpt devoted to the issue of the resurrection. The excerpt begins with the description of the provoking behavior of Sadducees, who, similarly to those who just before them had tried to provoke Jesus by asking about payment of taxes to Caesar, compose a sophisticated case against the plausibility of the resurrection. That Sadducees are characterized as those â€Å"who say that there is no resurrection† (Mark 12. 8) instantly suggests that their intent in not an honest inquiry, but a hidden desire to disprove the teaching of Jesus. Besides, the strict succession and logical structure of the formulation of their question makes us think that it had been prepared well in advance, maybe even specifically for this encounter with Christ. For example, the question as voiced by Sadducees begins with the phrase: â€Å". . . Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if . . . † (Mark 12. 18). In this way, while formally appealing to the wisdom of Christ as the teacher, Sadducees actually advance their own vision of things, and so, along with Pharisees and Herodians, are on one hand presented as tempters of Christ, and on the other hand may be viewed as representatives of the limited earthly wisdom. This impression is also bolstered by the artificiality of the case of a woman who had married seven brothers, which seems to be a very unlikely occasion, or at least the one extremely rare. Ironically, for the purpose of the argumentation Sadducees might well deal only with the example of two brothers and one wife, so the fact that they went as far as mentioning the seventh brother may be interpreted as bespeaking their blind striving for their self-assertion as intellectually superior to others, including Jesus Christ. In reality, it is exactly this type of arrogance that is often reproached by the Bible, and this part of the passage about the resurrection offers perhaps one of the best instances of such hidden criticism. However, for those who might omit this implicit negative stance towards the arrogance of Sadducees, an open criticism of their quasi-intellectualism voiced by Christ quickly follows. In his answer to Sadducees Christ does not allow them to draw him into the format of the discussion that Sadducees had striven to create to achieve their own aim of confusing Jesus, but rather outright rejects the very premises of their line of argumentation as the ones completely ignorant of the subject of the discussion. In this way, Christ is actually shown by the text to masterfully possess skills of argumentative dialogue as he is able to change the form of the dialogue, which is persuasively shown by the observation later in the text of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark that says: â€Å". . . And after that no one [including Sadducees] dared to ask him any question. . . † (Mark 12. 34). So, to summarize on this point, the changes in the form of the passage about the resurrection from what starts as an instance of communication presumably controlled by Sadducees into the one ultimately controlled by Christ carries in it the wider meaning directed at the instigation of readers to think by analogy, and to compare the form of the dialog between Sadducees and Christ with other passages in the Bible, and with instances from our everyday life. Significance of the content of the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection Aside from its instructive form, the passage about the resurrection is very important in terms of the significance of its content. In fact, this excerpt is devoted to one of the key notions of the very Christian religion in which the miracle of resurrection serves as the manifestation of the power of God to defeat even death. Therefore, any passage in the Bible that clarifies this conception is significant, not to mention excerpts akin to the one we are examining that directly deal with the matter of the resurrection. In this respect, the peculiarity of the contribution that the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark makes to this issue is not so much that it tells us what is the resurrection, but that it rather provides Chirst`s explanation of what the resurrection is not. In the context of the question of Sadducees, Christ explains that it is wrong to apply to those who are dead the familiar earthly notion of marriage, because â€Å". . . when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage. . . † (Mark 12. 25). In the line 27 Christ also points out that God is â€Å". . . not God the dead, but of the living. . . † (Mark 12. 27). It is this powerful denial of superficial views on the resurrection held by Sadducees that is the essence of Christ`s indignant response to the question about the resurrection and of his attempt to show that it is fundamentally ill-formulated. Moreover, in the studied passage we also can find some hints as to what the resurrection is like. Jesus briefly comments that after the dead are risen they â€Å"are like angels in heaven† (Mark 12. 25). Still, it seems that this characterization is simultaneously equally used to further bolster the description of what the resurrection is not, as the comparison of people who have been risen with angels carries the theme of the discussion away from the material world on which Sadducees seem to be overly focused. Thus, readers who seek explanations for some crucial religious ideas may view the studied passage that examines the question about the resurrection as primarily one of those parts of the Bible that provide the firsthand account of the theological aspects of teachings of Jesus Christ. Conclusion As we can see, the Bible, being the text that pretends to give an account of historical events and at the same time to send universal and timeless messages, indeed works on many levels that coexist within the same biblical texts, and mutually reinforce one another by enhancing their significance and by highlighting various patters of meaning that they contain. More specifically, in the passage devoted to the question of the resurrection the form of the text as if works to copy the conversational and emotional aspects of what might have been an actual argumentative tug of war between Sadducees and Christ in which Jesus had the final word. So, in this regard the Bible has the function of a historical document. At the same time, the content of this passage, which sheds light on the phenomenon of the resurrection, has the life of its own because this excerpt also has the function of a religious text that elucidates important elements of the Christian doctrine.

LOP Effect on Memory Types

LOP Effect on Memory Types Memory and its complexity involve systematic processes intent on successfully accessing and retrieving information (Atkinson, Shiffrin, 2016). The depth in which people process external information contributes to memory formation (Craik Lockhart, 1972). Moreover, the capacity for people to remember acquired knowledge depends on attention level, encoding level, and rehearsal level in which the information was processed (Craik Tulving, 1975). types of memory (implicit and explicit) along with the level-of-processing (LOP) involved in each. There is two types of memory implicit and explicit memory. Implicit memory can be described as habitually executing tasks that do not require intentional recall (Schacter, 1987). It has been suggested that implicit memory begins to develop in early infancy and remains constant in terms of improvement or deterioration through the progression of life (Và ¶hringer et al., 2017). Explicit memory can be described as intentionally executing tasks that require critical thinking and relies on the ability to recall (learned or experienced) information (Ullman, 2004). Explicit memory begins to develop after implicit memory and has a prolonged emergence (Richmond Nelson, 2007). Both types of memory are crucial and each serves a purpose (Sun, 2012). Adding depth to the type of memory is practical in terms of improving peoples memory. For shallow processing, stimuli are analyzed regarding sensory characteristics. On the other hand, deep processing is involved with the analysis regarding the meaning of the stimuli (Galli, 2014). Material processed while interpreting the meaning behind it is better for explicit memory than items processed using shallow operations at any level of depth. As a result, the characteristics of shallow and deep LOP are associated with the significance of the memory. The deeper the LOP, the easier the information could be recalled. The shallow LOP involves superficial aspects of stimuli and leads to the formation of a fragile memory. Conceptually-driven task and perceptually-driven task performance both depend on previously learned information pertaining to the stimuli in the task (Schwartz Yovel, 2016). Perceptual information can be described as physical aspects of the stimulus such as color while conceptual information can be described in terms of the stimulis purpose or meaning (Schwartz Yovel, 2016). Conceptual tests show implicit memory effect implying that only conceptually driven tests can affect the LOP. Perceptual reasoning only takes effect under explicit memory thus has no effect as far as LOP is concerned (Craik Tulving, 1975). In determining factors with LOP effect, studies show that only implicit triggers have an association with LOP thus concluding that only conceptually driven tests can show significant LOP effects. Major criticism on LOP and memory has been accounted by Craik (Craik Lockhart, 1972). Suggestions made that the conceptual framework of memory has advantages as it directs attention to the mental events and processes (Craik Lockhart, 1972). However, the issue of LOP has posed major difficulties, as retention ability is a function of depth and spread of processing (Craik Tulving, 1975). It offers no suitable criteria for indexing either depth or spread of the encoding. Craik also argues that encoding depth and spread appears to affect the retrieval ability to recall but are irrelevant in the determination of retrieval strategies. Both explicit and implicit memories have core functions in human functioning (Richmond Nelson, 2007). Different tests are carried out based on the two memories to determine their relationship with LOP. LOP should show strong effect with the explicit memory than implicit memory (Craik Lockhart, 1972). LOP is high for explicit memory as compared to implicit memory (Richmond Nelson, 2007). The hypothetical analysis aimed to determine the number of words remembered under the two models (Craik Lockhart, 1972). Deeper LOP should allow for remembrance of many words as opposed to shallow LOP. The purpose of the current experiment was to examine the LOP effect on the type of memory. It was hypothesized that deep LOP would result in the greater recall of words that were previously presented to participants during the deep LOP task compared to shallow LOP in both implicit and explicit memory. The main effect would occur and individuals in the deep LOP would remember more words in comparison to individuals in the shallow LOP and the outcome of LOP would be greater in the explicit memory task compared to implicit memory. It was further hypothesized that a dissociation between LOP and type of memory interaction effect would occur as deep LOP having a greater effect on the explicit condition. Method Participants Participants in the experiment consisted of 242 psychology students, 46 were male and 196 were female. The age in years amongst participants ranged from 19 years old to 60 years old (M = 25.22). Of the participants, 5.8% were Asian, 10.7% were African-American, 19.4% were Caucasian, 59.5% were Latino and 4.5% identified with other. All participants were english speakers, drafted within the San Bernardino area in California, and were considered a convenient sample. No incentives were given to participants. All participants were treated in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2002). Materials A computer compatible with Microsoft powerpoint software and testing booklets was needed. The computer program included two types of orienting tasks (shallow and deep LOP). Each oriented task included 10 positive words and 10 negative words (see Appendix1). Shallow LOP task contained 20 words, 10 were positive, 10 were negative, half were presented in red and half were presented in green. The deep LOP task contained 20 words all presented in black. The experimental booklets included instructions for completing the test along with a consensus form for participants to mark giving consent to the experiment, a designated area containing several common traits used to identify or describe participants demographics in terms of gender, age and ethnicity. The experimental booklets included a distracter task of fill-in the blanks by beginning with the number 725 and counting backward by threes until all blanks were filled. The booklets designed to evaluate shallow LOP contained a word stem com pletion task. The word stem task contained partial words that were presented during the computer task. Participants were instructed to recall the words and complete the word stem. The booklets designed to measure deep LOP contained blank spaces and participants were instructed to fill in the blanks relying solely on the ability to recall the words presented to them on the computer task. The last piece of material provided participants with the debriefing statement and contact information for the corresponding coordinator. Procedure All participants were first invited to participate in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups (DLEM, DLIM, SLEM, SLIM). Participants were placed in an environment without distractions while they carefully read the instructions. If they were in agreeance, participants were asked to mark the informed consent sheet and fill in the demographic information that best described them. Once participants were ready to begin, they initiated the start of the computer task. On the computer screen, participants were asked to respond to the given stimuli as fast as possible without the ability to regress and given two practice rounds. The participants in groups DLEM and DLIM were presented with deep LOP stimuli on the computer. While, participants in groups SLEM and SLIM, were given shallow LOP stimuli on the computer. Following the computer task, participants had to complete the distracter sheet. The final step to the packet was for either measuring implicit memory (parti cipants had a word stem completion task) or for measuring explicit memory (contained blank spaces for participants to fill in the blanks). Before participants departed they were handed a copy of the debriefing statement and simultaneously thanked for their participation in the study. Design A two-factorial design was implemented for the current study. The independent variable in the experiment was the LOP and qualifies as a categorical, qualitative variable with two levels (shallow and deep). The other independent variable of the experiment was the type of memory and qualifies as a categorical and qualitative variable that contained two levels (implicit memory and explicit memory). The dependent variable was the number of words correctly completed or correctly recalled meaning it was a quantitative variable. The main effect of the LOP on the total number of words completed or recalled correctly and the interaction effect between LOP and the type of memory on the total number of words completed or recalled correctly. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine significance (p t-test to further examine significance (p Results The purpose of the current study was to examine LOP and types of memory with the intention to measure the difference between deep LOP and shallow LOP. It was expected that participants in deep LOP would recall more words than participants in the shallow LOP. The study found that there was a significant main effect of LOP, F(1, 238) = 68.05, p = .000, this had a large effect size (Np2=.22).This means that deep LOP (M = 5.24) was better at word recall when compared to shallow LOP (M = 2.88). There was a significant interaction effect between LOP and type of memory, F(1, 238) = 12.51, p Np2 = .05). The effect of the deep LOP was greater on explicit tasks (M = 6.00) when compared to implicit tasks (M = 4.34). While shallow LOP had a greater effect on implicit tasks (M = 3.03) compared to explicit tasks (M = 2.73). Furthermore, two t-test showed that deep LOP was significantly better for explicit tasks, t(124) = 8.38, p t(114) = 3.32, p Figure 1). This means that participants in deep LOP remembered more words in comparison to participants in shallow LOP as expected. Discussion The purpose of the experiment was to establish whether different LOP would have an influence on types of memory. The LOP examined were shallow LOP and deep LOP along with the type of memory implicit and explicit memory. It was hypothesized that deep LOP would have a higher amount of recalled words compared to shallow LOP in terms of implicit memory and explicit memory. The results show the effect of deep LOP was greater on explicit tasks in comparison to implicit tasks this illustrations clear distinction with shallow LOP resulting with a greater effect on implicit tasks compared to explicit tasks. Additionally, it was further hypothesized that a dissociation would occur as an interaction effect between LOP and type of memory the results were as expected and the effect was greater at deep LOP and was reflected in the explicit condition. The current experiment expected that more words would be recalled at the deep LOP. The logic behind the hypothesis was that tasks involving deep LOP would require interpretation of the stimuli. As a result, in order to correctly interpret stimuli, individuals must concentrate on the task. Consequently, inciting deep LOP would force participants to pay more attention and would result in higher number of recalled words for the deep LOP task compared to the shallow LOP task. Deep LOP provides an opportunity to learn because it demands attention and if undivided attention is given to a task the deeper the LOP (Treisman, 1964). It was further hypothesized that a dissociative interaction effect would occur between LOP and type of memory with deep LOP having a greater effect on explicit memory. The logic behind the hypothesis is that dissociations are to be expected between conceptual and perceptual tasks (Weldon, Roediger, Beitel, Johnston, 1995). Moreover, unlike explicit memory, previous research has distinguished that aging has a small effect on implicit memory (Parkin, 1993). This means that it is possible for implicit memory to remain constant with permanency prevailing while explicit memory declines through the progression of age (Và ¶hringer et al., 2017). Such studies indicate that there are dissociative characteristics between processes and dissociative characteristics between the types of memory. The experimental results were expected. However, limitations of the experiment manifested in the form of intangible measures. Such measures include the difficulty of separating the depths of processes and systems. For instance, explicit memory also involves conceptual processes (Weldon et al., 1995). Future research must contribute to the formation of fixed stages of processing with corresponding thresholds. Doing so would mean a framework that theorizes on the overlapping of interaction between mental processes and types of memory. The current experiment could have implications in the mental health field. As mental disorders interact with types of memory much like amnesiac patients showing little impairment on implicit memory while demonstrating impairment on explicit memory (Warrington Weiskrantz, 1970). The experiment can aid in the interaction LOP could have on memory related mental disease. Such as a study involving diagnosed Alzheimers patients, which reported that Alzheimer patients showed little impairment in implicit test (Scott, Wright, Rai, Exton-Smith, Gardiner, 1991). Exercising procedures that incorporating implicit memory should help and improve mental state, however, because of the nature of the disease the benefits could be brief (Scott et al., 1991). In closing the current experiment has provided valuable information and insight into LOP and memory. The results indicate that deep LOP of explicit tasks could aid in memory improvement for explicit tasks and could be essential for critical thinking and strategic decision making when using this type of memory. References American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073 Atkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M. (2016). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In R. J. Sternberg, S. T. Fiske, D. J. Foss, R. J. Sternberg, S. T. Fiske, D. J. Foss (Eds.), Scientists making a difference: One hundred eminent behavioral and brain scientists talk about their most important contributions (pp. 115-118). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. Challis, B.H. Brodbeck, D. R. (1992). Level of processing affects priming in word fragment  completion. Craik, F. I. M., Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal Of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X Craik, F. I. M., Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268-294. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 Galli, G. (2014). What makes deeply encoded items memorable? Insights into the levels of processing framework from neuroimaging and neuromodulation. Frontiers In Psychiatry, 5 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00061 Parkin, A. J. (1993). Implicit memory across the lifespan. In P. Graf, M. J. Masson, P. Graf, M. J. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology (pp. 191-206). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Richmond, J., Nelson, C. A. (2007). Accounting for change in declarative memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Developmental Review, 27(3), 349-373. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.04.002 Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, And Cognition, 13(3), 501-518. doi:10.1037/0278- 7393.13.3.501 Schwartz, L., Yovel, G. (2016). The roles of perceptual and conceptual information in face recognition. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(11), 1493-1511. doi:10.1037/xge0000220 Scott, L. C., Wright, G. K., Rai, G. S., Exton-Smith, A. N., Gardiner, J. M. (1991). Further evidence of preserved memory function in Alzheimers disease. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6(8), 583-588. doi:10.1002/gps.930060806 Sun, R. (2012). Memory systems within a cognitive architecture. New Ideas In Psychology, 30(2), 227-240. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.11.003 Treisman, A. (1964). Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention. Journal Of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 3(6), 449-459. doi:10.1016/S0022- 5371(64)80015-3 Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92(1-2), 231-270. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008 Và ¶hringer, I. A., Kolling, T., Graf, F., Poloczek, S., Fassbender, I., Freitag, C., Knopf, M. (2017). The development of implicit memory from infancy to childhood: On average performance levels and interindividual differences. Child Development, doi:10.1111/cdev.12749 Warrington, E. K., Weiskrantz, L. (1970). Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval?. Nature, 228(5272), 628-630. doi:10.1038/228628a0 Weldon, M. S., Roediger, H. L., Beitel, D. A., Johnston, T. R. (1995). Perceptual and conceptual processes in implicit and explicit tests with picture fragment and word fragment cues. Journal Of Memory And Language, 34(2), 268-285. doi:10.1006/jmla.1995.1012 Appendix # (Title for it) HAPPY WORDS: Kindness, Intelligent, Wisdom, Hero, Lucky, Creative, Pleasure, Beauty, Calm, Success SAD WORDS: Hate, Ugly, Poverty, Anger, Murder, Pain, Disaster, Slavery, Damage, Awful Placed above Figure 1: Table

Shakespeare without all those Words :: essays research papers

After reading the chapter Shakespeare without all those Words, I have to agree with the arguments in it. Although I am no pro on Shakespeare or not even a repetitive reader of his works I tend to believe that what is said throughout the chapter to be true like many of the great masterpieces of our era. The meanings get lost over time and through manipulation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society everyone wants the gratification of something without putting the effort in to achieve it. The inexperienced reader Shakespeare may take many, many readings before it becomes clear. Were a â€Å"Now† society, we want the quickest, easiest way for everything and expect to get the same effect of the original Shakespearian readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The section in the chapter where you speak of the plays becoming something unlike the written play or as far off the mark as possible, is true and bothersome. Writers and directors today want the notoriety that the name Shakespeare brings but then shames the playwright itself. They put their own spin on it, to make it more appealing to the audience or less time consuming. In doing so your missing a great deal of the play and usually it ends up being the core of the story. Audiences walk away without a true understanding of Shakespeare but a twisted and misconstrued idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The world in which we live is all about theatrics, exaggerations, fabrications, as well as, entertainment. As you pointed on in the chapter the works of Franco Zeffirelli’s film version of The Taming of the Shrew was only 30% of actual Shakespeare leaving 70% for his own interpretation plus plenty of room for entertainment. What’s the point then? Why even claim its Shakespeare? Answer, they know the name will allure the audience to the play. That being said the people are their under the false pretense that their there for Shakespeare. Not the Shakespeare that has been twisted, turned, tied into the interpretation that feels it’s necessary to draw on the name of someone else’s merits to allure an audience. Its okay for writers to use the name Shakespeare but when it comes to his works apparently many believe they’re not good enough to entertain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all this being said I also agree that today’s’ society is not the same as it was when Shakespeare was more prevalent. Today’s population span is less; people have more distractions and less room in their life’s for intellect.

Examples of food and their correspondent personality Essay

Person who prefers vanilla flavor are said to be full of colors, they usually depend on another person and they are said to be needy, they are also said to be an idealistic person and they always tend to take risks (RYCKMAN, 2006). They are also said to be a person who loves an intent or very close relationship with other people, either partner or friends (RYCKMAN, 2006). Double chocolate chunk A person who prefers this type of flavor is said to be enjoying whenever he/she is the attention catcher. This person is also said to be charming and yet has the personality trait of being flirt (RYCKMAN, 2006). This person also loves and prefers novelty types and is said to hate routinely activities because they are bored by it (RYCKMAN, 2006). 3. Strawberry A person who prefers strawberry flavor is those who are contented being just on of those who follow rather than to be a leader, they prefer working behind the spotlight (RYCKMAN, 2006). They also prefer working being just a part of the team and not as an individual (RYCKMAN, 2006) 4. Coffee a person who prefers this flavor is said to be a dramatic one, hence he/she is flirtatious (RYCKMAN, 2006) They prefer to live with what they have and what they can do in their present situation rather than that of thinking what they could have or what they could do in the future (RYCKMAN, 2006). 5. Banana cream pie A person who prefers this kind of flavor is said to be an easygoing problem, a person who is said to be well-adjust (RYCKMAN, 2006). Is said to be having the trait of being empathetic (RYCKMAN, 2006) 6. Chocolate chip A person who loves this certain flavor is said to be full of ambitions, they tend to do everything to get what they wish to have (RYCKMAN, 2006). They are also said to be a good competitor. They love competing with others (RYCKMAN, 2006). 7. Butter pecan A person with this preference on food flavor is said to be a person who has his/her principles, they also tend to be always abiding rules and they are said to be intelligent (RYCKMAN, 2006). They are also conscientious, they follow people’s morality and they are also said to be a perfectionist person. Sometimes they tend to compete with others but they are also the ones who tend to criticize their selves (RYCKMAN, 2006). Conclusion I’ve learned that there is indeed a relationship between a person’s personality trait and his/her preference to food flavors but this is only probabilities. It is said that different flavors reflects person of who they are, like extravert persons who prefers sweet and is said to be active or hyper. On the other hand, extraversive people do not have any relationship with savory foods. Meanwhile neurotic people are the ones who preferred savory foods rather than that of sweet tasting foods hence there is a weak correlation between them, on the other hand neuroticism personality is said to be very inclined with their emotions whether in a positive or in a negative way. Therefore as the time passes, there is a lot of evolution that has happened with regards in figuring out personalities of a person, and now, the flavor of food preference can even tell our personality. References Center, P. T. (2000 – 2007). Power Tests [Electronic Version] from http://www. personalitytest. net/power/index. htm. John Davis, P. D. (1997). CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS [Electronic Version] from http://clem. mscd. edu/~davisj/prm2/correl1. html#5. KFC. (2005). YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT?THINK TWICE AMERICA, YOUR FLAVOR PREFERENCE SAYS A LOT MORE ABOUT YOUR PERSONALITY THAN YOU KNOW [Electronic Version] from http://www. kfc. com/about/pressreleases/090905. asp. RYCKMAN, L. (2006). Pretzel logic: Researcher claims food choices reflect people’s personalities [Electronic Version] from http://seattlepi. nwsource. com/lifestyle/267289_foodsigns20. html? source=mypi. Srivastava, S. (2006). Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors [Electronic Version] from http://darkwing. uoregon. edu/~sanjay/bigfive. html#whatisit.

When American History Began essays

When American History Began essays I believe American history began in Philadelphia on July 4th 1776. It was here that colonists led by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison signed the Declaration of Independence. Up to this time it could be argued that what had taken place was part of British colonial history and not American history. This document formally ended the colonists British citizenship. Previous to this date these men considered themselves British subjects who owed their loyalty to the laws and crown of England. They made this choice based on the principles of justice, equality, and the right for all people to be free. This revolutionary act was unique in the history of the world at that time. Based on the vision and leadership of these men, this document was one of the foundations upon which this country was born, and what I consider to be the beginning of American history. ...

Management and Development of Business for Sustainability Resources

Management and Development of Business for Sustainability Resources Introduction The resource-based theory basically explores organizations internal capabilities concerning the formulation of strategies that are intended to achieve sustainable competitive advantage both at the market and in the industries where an organization operates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management and Development of Business for Sustainability Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, this theory deals with the competitive environment of an organization but applies the inside-out approach. The theoretical analysis starts with the internal environment of the organization. As a result, the theory is frequently observed as an alternative replacement for the Porters five forces framework which looks at the external environment while taking the outside-in or the industrial structure as the starting point. This paper examines the way internal resources of the firm contribute to the organizations s uccess and sustainability. More emphasis is geared towards the role and nature of intangible and tangible resources in reference to the notion of dynamic capabilities of an organization. The paper also reviews the available literature to shade light on the resource based theory approach and to relate it to how the internal resources of an organization contribute to the success of organization and the gaining of competitive advantage. The resource based approach to the organization strategy The resource based theory is not a new approach to the organization strategy, but it is rather a strategy that has long precursor with links going back to the early works of Penrose. Nevertheless, the resource based theory is majorly associated with works of scholars like Rumelt, Barney, Prahalad and Hamel as well as Peteraf and Grant. These scholars put a lot of emphasis on the organizations internal resources and capabilities in formulating the organizational strategies (De Wall 2007, p.209).Adv ertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As indicated, the resourced based view takes into account the organization internal capabilities and resources in formulating the organization strategy so as to attain the sustainable competitive advantage within market as well as at the industry levels (Barney Clark 2007, p.189). In situations where the organization has capabilities and resources that can be organized and reorganized for a company to attain the desired competitive advantage over competing firms, the organization perspective becomes inside-out (Barney Clark 2007, p.189). In essence, the company capabilities become the determinant of the strategic choices the company makes while competing with others in the outside environment. Similarly, in certain situations, the capabilities of the organization may permit the creation of new markets besides adding value to the org anization clienteles (Miles 2012, p.212). This has clearly been depicted by the Toyota hybrid cars and the Apple iPod. In these cases, it is clear that the organization capabilities are paramount to the creation of the organizations competitive advantage. It is also imperative to note that the capabilities will enable an organization to lay much emphasis on the configuration of its value-chain activities. The reason is that the company will stand a chance of identifying the competencies within its value-chain activities that make available the most competitive advantage (De Wall 2007, p.209). For instance, the much revered Toyota manufacturing system that uses the inbound logistics in the form of excellent inventory and material control system ensure that the levels of the inventory are sufficient enough to satisfy the demands of the clients.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management and Development of Business for Sustainability Resources specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This system ensures that the inventory and the materials are delivered before the customers order for the assembly. Looking into the various activities that are involved in the value-chain such as operations, there are efficient automated plants with inbuilt quality control systems. These are supported by services through the application of warranties and guaranties, sales and marketing which is augmented through the advertisements as well as dealership networks. At Toyota Corporation, the value-chain activities are linked across the company operations. The linkages between the company value-chain to those of its suppliers are designed in such a way that it gives Toyota distinctive capability over its competitors or the core competencies. It is these core competencies that provide competitive advantage for Toyota. Moreover, Toyota is also capable of appropriating the added value that it gets from these value chain activitie s. A distinctive example is seen where Toyota US makes larger profit than three combined largest automobile firms in the US. Desouza (2005, p.89) asserts that, in situations where firms in the same industry are faced with similar conditions, the expectations are that, putting other things to be equal, the firms will have almost equal profits. However, this is not necessarily the case. There is a wide variation in terms of profitability by firms in the same industry as depicted by the UK retail supermarket chain TESCO and its competitor Sainsbury. The Porters argument that the industrial system whereby firms functions and the manner in which firms position themselves within the system determines each of these firms profitability. This contrasts the resource-based view that does not look at the industry structure rather unique bunch of resources together with capabilities that each organization possesses (Barney Clark 2007, p.189).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proponents of the resourceds of the intellectual resources involve copyrights as well as patents that are derived from the technological resources of the organization. For instance, the Dayson manufacturing company relies heavily on the intangible intellectual resource of the creative innovative founder, Dayson James. This intellectual property has never been imitated by any competitor to Dayson manufacturing company. Tacit knowledge within an organization is built through the organizational culture and processes. The employees of such an organization have tacit knowledge that cannot be readily transferred. The good will reputation of an organization is constantly being acknowledged as essential tangible asset that can be damaged easily through negative marketing campaigns and ill-thought strategies (Barney 1991, p.109). Companies like Benetton made a point by allowing debate over their controversial advertisements. The debate seemed to equally draw both detractors and supporter s while at the same time gaining useful and free publicity. Moreover, the way Johnson and Johnson responded to the mischievous meddling with their product Tylenol ensured that its reputation consistently persisted at the top. Competencies As previously indicated, the existence of organizations resources does not confer any benefit to the organization unless they are put into productive use. It is the effective and innovative conformation of these resources that provide competencies to the organization. A competency can be described as the attribute that the company needs so as to be in a better position to compete appropriately in the marketplace (Barney 2010, p.45). Competencies are understood as being the prerequisite to the firm’s competiveness within the industry. The competencies alone do not however confer to the organization any competitive advantage (Beaver 2002, p.213). In fact, the competencies are supposed to be thought of being derived from the company internal bu ndle of resources. For instance, for companies to compete well within the automobile industry, they must be in possession of knowledge requisite to design and manufacture the automobile engine and body. Such knowledge will enable the companies to effectively compete within the industry despite their resource capabilities (Barney 2010, p.10). Core competencies Hamel and Prahalad (1990) argue that the most essential duty for the company managers is to come up with products that are needed to satisfy the customer demands, yet such products have not even been imagined. In order to attain this objective, the company management must go beyond the organization boundaries instead of focusing on distinct and separate strategic business units. In essence, Hamel and Prahalad (1993) were right to claim that competencies are derived from collective individual learning within the organization as well as the ability to operate across the organization boundaries. Therefore, a core competency or dis tinctive capabilities can be described as a group of attributes possessed by the organization that enable it to attain the competitive advantage (Barney 2010, p.110). This implies that, it is the ability of the company to configure its resources in a way that allows the company to successfully compete within the marketplace. The classic examples of companies that have achieved the key competencies are Dell and Benetton. Dell has achieved the core competency by the way it has configured its value chains. Organizations have strained to imitate the dells model of direct sales but they have successfully failed. Similarly, Toyota manufacturing company has attained its core competency in the production of petrol-and-electric hybrid cars. Nevertheless, this cannot be measured with the first mover advantage. Indeed, this materializes to be the sole advantage the company gets from being the first in the global in the marketplace (Kay 1993, p.45). Therefore, core competencies should provide c ompanies with access to a broader market. This has been witnessed in the case of Honda core competencies in the engine design which enabled the company to leverage its capabilities to successfully compete in the car and powerboat market. Besides, core competency should add value to the customer end products (Barney 2010, p.109). For instance, the distinctive capabilities of BMW in engineering have enabled it to manufacture high quality cars normally being sold at premium. The company core competency should equally be hard to imitate by any of the company’s competitors. This implies that the value a company gets from the core competency such as the competitive advantage should be sustained (Divanna Rogers 2005, p.103). Thus, for any company to attain this, it must not allow the competitors to imitate the core competency. Still, the core competency within an organization is normally increased as it is being utilized and mutually shared across the firm. Prahalad and Hamel (1993 ) claim that core competencies are the binding factor within the organization. They spur growth and new developments within the organization. However, core competencies within the organization have to be protected for the organization to generate appropriate rewards. Distinctive capabilities Generally it is the organization distinctive capabilities of its resources that provide it with the competitive advantage. But the capabilities of the organization are distinctive if they are derived from those characteristics that other firms do not have (Holbeche 2009, p.34). Having distinctive capability is only necessary, but not sufficient enough to be successful. The distinctive capability must be appropriable and sustainable. That is, it must persist over time to be sustainable (Divanna Rogers, 2005). The distinctive capability must also be seen to benefit the company rather than the competitors for it to have an appropriable characteristic. The organization distinctive capabilities eman ate from the innovation, the company reputation and architecture. These further relate the organization to the stakeholders. It is this relationship that permits the resources of the organization to offer distinctive capabilities through innovation, architecture and reputation (Barney 2010, p.109). Organization architecture refers to the system of relationships that occurs within and out of the company (Barney Clark 2007, p.189). The internal architecture is the relationship between the organization and its employees and between employees themselves while the external architecture is the relationship between the organization and its suppliers and the customers. In fact, architectural network occurs in the relationships between the organizations with other firms within the industry. However, distinctive architecture is based on the employees output (Holbeche 2009, p.34). It permits the value that is created to be easily and readily distributed by the company. As the basis of distinc tive capability, reputation is especially essential in the markets where the consumers are capable of using their long-term experience to ascertain the quality of the product (Barney Clark 2007, p.189). A firm’s reputation is build through its reliable long-term relationships. In most cases this takes a considerable period of time to develop and nurture. Once this long-term relationship has been developed, the distinctive capability of the firm is attained. A reputation of quality product and better services provides the firm with a competitive advantage that the firm can utilize to secure reprise business and charge premium prices (Beaver 2002, p.213). Firms can leverage such reputations when entering into the new markets. For instance, Sonny leverages its reputation while entering the electronic consumer market. The company capability to successfully and speedily innovate is also another basis of distinctive capability that can be appropriated and sustained (Barney 2010, p .109). A company may manufacture innovative products like the Apples iPods and iTunes. For a number of years, Apple has remained unrivaled in product design and functionality. It has made it difficult for its competitors to imitate its products. The ability to constantly innovate and develop products has ensured Apple with sustainable source of competitive advantage over its market competitors. Competitive advantages that have emanated from innovations are derived from the organizations architecture. Innovative processes may be embodied within the organization routines thereby making it harder for the competitors to imitate (Barney Clark 2007, p.189). Through patents and copyrights, organizations are capable of securing their innovative products and ensure that their values are appropriated. Conclusion The resource based view lay much emphasis on the application of the firms set of internal resources and capabilities to determine their competitive advantages. The delineated resourc es, the firms’ core competencies and the distinctive capabilities have also been explored to show how firms can achieve their competitive advantage. However, both core competencies and distinctive capabilities are terms that are interchangeably used, but they relate to how organizations strive to attain sustainable competitive advantage. References Amit, R Schoemaker, PJ 1993, â€Å"Strategic assets and organization rents†, Strategic Management Journal, vol.14 no.1, pp.33-46. Barney, J 1991, â€Å"Firms resources and sustained competitive advantage†, Journal of Management, vol.17 no.1, pp.99-120. Barney, JB Clark, DN 2007, Resource-based theory: Creating and sustaining competitive Advantage, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Barney, JB 2010, Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Beaver, G 2002, Small business, entrepreneurship and enterprise development, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Co ombs, HM, Hobbs, D Jenkins, DE 2005, Management accounting principles and applications, Sage, London, UK. De Wall, A 2007, Strategic performance management, Palgrave McMillan, Basingstoke, UK. Desouza, KC 2005, New frontiers of knowledge management, Palgrave McMillan, Basingstoke, UK. Divanna, JA Rogers, J 2005, People – the new asset on the balance sheet, Palgrave McMillan, Basingstoke, UK. Hamel, G Prahalad, CK 1990, â€Å"The core competence of the organization†, Harvard Business Review, vol.71 no.2, pp. 75-84 Hamel, G Prahalad, CK 1993, â€Å"Strategy as stretch and leverage†, Harvard Business Review, vol.68 no.3, pp. 79-91 Helfat, CE 2007, Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Holbeche, L 2009, Aligning human resources and business strategy, Elsesvier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Kay, J 1993, Foundations of corporate success, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Miles, JA 2012, Management and organization theory: A Jossey-bass reader, John Wiley Sons Hoboken, NJ.

10 Companies Hiring Admins Like Crazy Right Now

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Accountability, autonomy and delegation in nursing Essay

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Queen Victoria - Essay Example When she was only an infant, her father who was the fourth son of King George the III expired and her mother brought her up single-handedly in a manner that was â€Å"both simple and spare,† by keeping a very keen eye on her and restricting all her movements. (Brad Hooper, 2005) However, in 1837, after the death of her uncle William IV, she assumed the throne and brought her cloistered existence to a close. Arnstein also sheds light on how Queen Victoria, under the guidance and influence of her beloved consort, Prince Albert, worked hard behind the scenes all through her years as a reclusive widow. (Brad Hooper, 2005) Queen Victoria has been the subject of the most number of biographies, than any other lady born since the 1800’s. However, Arnstein is one of the latest biographers who has carried out an in-depth research on the Queen and has shed light on many of the neglected areas of the Queen’s life. Arnstein’s biography is based on authentic manuscript sources such as journals and letters from the Queen’s own writings. ... Arnstein’s depiction of Victorian society is so well expressed in his biography, giving his readers a deep understanding about the administration and the political scene that existed during that time. These facts are not found in the biographies of other authors. He especially examines the political, social, economical and cultural background that was prevalent in Victorian society which makes it easy for his audience to understand how the administration was carried out during those days. In his enlightening and engaging study of the Queen, Arnstein makes an investigation of the public and private life of Queen Victoria. He makes use of the Royal Archives of the Windsor Castle, biographies, monographs, surveys and past research studies and incorporates them together with his own findings to provide us with an insightful view of the Victorian Age. For his study, he made use of various sources of previously unpublished journals and letters written and received by the Queen that contributed towards making his biography of Queen Victoria one of the most outstanding biographies ever. In the history of the world, Queen Victoria is considered as one of the most influential octogenarians to head one of the most powerful nations in the world. Arnstein sheds light on some of the controversial domestic issues and the various international conflicts that faced Victoria during her reign, which is considered to be the longest in the history of Britain. He also made use of secondary sources from collections of already published material to gain insight into the Queen’s life. He speaks of her marriage to Albert and of her being the mother of nine children who proudly showed them to ‘domestic and foreign dignitaries’ (Walter

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Queen Victoria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Queen Victoria - Essay Example When she was only an infant, her father who was the fourth son of King George the III expired and her mother brought her up single-handedly in a manner that was â€Å"both simple and spare,† by keeping a very keen eye on her and restricting all her movements. (Brad Hooper, 2005) However, in 1837, after the death of her uncle William IV, she assumed the throne and brought her cloistered existence to a close. Arnstein also sheds light on how Queen Victoria, under the guidance and influence of her beloved consort, Prince Albert, worked hard behind the scenes all through her years as a reclusive widow. (Brad Hooper, 2005) Queen Victoria has been the subject of the most number of biographies, than any other lady born since the 1800’s. However, Arnstein is one of the latest biographers who has carried out an in-depth research on the Queen and has shed light on many of the neglected areas of the Queen’s life. Arnstein’s biography is based on authentic manuscript sources such as journals and letters from the Queen’s own writings. ... Arnstein’s depiction of Victorian society is so well expressed in his biography, giving his readers a deep understanding about the administration and the political scene that existed during that time. These facts are not found in the biographies of other authors. He especially examines the political, social, economical and cultural background that was prevalent in Victorian society which makes it easy for his audience to understand how the administration was carried out during those days. In his enlightening and engaging study of the Queen, Arnstein makes an investigation of the public and private life of Queen Victoria. He makes use of the Royal Archives of the Windsor Castle, biographies, monographs, surveys and past research studies and incorporates them together with his own findings to provide us with an insightful view of the Victorian Age. For his study, he made use of various sources of previously unpublished journals and letters written and received by the Queen that contributed towards making his biography of Queen Victoria one of the most outstanding biographies ever. In the history of the world, Queen Victoria is considered as one of the most influential octogenarians to head one of the most powerful nations in the world. Arnstein sheds light on some of the controversial domestic issues and the various international conflicts that faced Victoria during her reign, which is considered to be the longest in the history of Britain. He also made use of secondary sources from collections of already published material to gain insight into the Queen’s life. He speaks of her marriage to Albert and of her being the mother of nine children who proudly showed them to ‘domestic and foreign dignitaries’ (Walter

Healthy Grief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthy Grief - Essay Example â€Å"Grief is an emotional process† as what Hood, Hill & Spilka (2009, p. 198) quoted. In literature, the discussions that are common are about stages of grief, models of grief and ritual grief (Hood, Hill & Spilka, 2009, p. 198). Kubler-Ross & Kessler (2005, p. 7) stated that there are five stages of grief. These â€Å"five stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance† (Kubler-Ross & Kessler, 2005, p. 7). These are the process in which each person should undergo once they experience the loss of someone. According to them, these are only identifiers for which a person feels when in time of grief, but it does not conclude that a person will experience all of these stages (Kubler-Ross & Kessler, 2005, p. 7). Also, Kubler-Ross & Kessler (2005, p. 7) state that it does not need to be exactly the same order as how they presented the stages of grief. These are only tools for people to identify easily what they are going through in times of grief. The firs t stage, which is denial, does not literally mean that the people who lost their loved ones do not know it. This denial is â€Å"more symbolic than literal† as noted by Kubler-Ross & Kessler (2005, p. 8). The second and third stages are anger and bargaining. Anger, according to Kubler-Ross & Kessler (2005, p. ... After that, depression is the next stage. A person who lost someone feels empty and alone during this stage. Hence, it does not mean that when a person feels this way, it is a sign of mental illness (Kubler-Ross & Kessler, 2005, p. 20). Depression is normal to a person who just lost someone. Further, the last stage is acceptance. This is the point where the person accepts the reality that someone is dead. On this stage, the person will learn to live with it. On the other hand, the five stages of grief have many critics. There are some psychologists who also proposed other multi-stage models of grieving. Musgrave and Bickle (2003, p. 46) have drawn one of the popular stories of the Bible which is the story of Job. They stated that the story focuses on how someone heals through grieving. In the story of Job, Job deals not only a human grieving, but it also included God (â€Å"The Book of Job,† 2011). Though Job experienced the worst way of human grieving, it shows some of the st ages of grief. In the story of Job, it only shows three stages among the five stages of grief from Kubler-Ross and Kessler (2005). These would be bargaining, depression and acceptance. It may sound unusual, but it seemed that acceptance comes first in the story of Job. It came first because Job is a believer of God. Thus, Job knew that his trials are part of God’s plan (â€Å"The Book of Job,† 2011). Since Job’s love for God is strong, he did not feel any anger and denial. Moreover, there’s one thing that Job showed - joy (â€Å"The Book of Job,† 2011). Though Job is suffering, he still shows hope that one day he will meet God face to face. Hence, it somehow gave him joy. In comparison between joy and the grieving process, a person can obtain joy once he/she free himself/herself from any

Great Filipino Music Artists (80s - Present) Essay Example for Free

Great Filipino Music Artists (80s Present) Essay Basil Valdez Like many Filipino singers in the 1970s, Valdez started solo on his career as a folk singer. In 1972, he joined the Circus Band and after it was disbanded, he released Ngayon at Kailanman, his first solo album. In the Circus Band, he met Ryan Cayabyab, who was then part of other band. When Valdez was preparing his album Ngayon at Kailanman, he asked Cayabyab to give a few songs, he did. Cayabyab stands as Valdezs musical director for 27 years. In the 80s, Valdez republished himself as a singer of movie theme songs; some of them are Paano Ba Ang Mangarap, Muling Buksan Ang Puso and Paraisong Parisukat. A circumstance which sidelined his singing career occurred in 1990, when he found himself as a healer. Valdez then sought the guidance of his Jesuit friends. They explained to him that he has gift of healing. Ryan Cayabyab A great Filipino music artist known as the Executive and Artistic Director of the defunct San Miguel Foundation for the Performing Arts. He was also a resident judge for the solo season of Philippine Idol in 2006. A versatile artist with his works ranging from commissioned full-length ballets, theater musicals, choral pieces, a Mass set to unaccompanied chorus/congregation, and orchestral pieces, to commercial recordings of popular music, film scores and television specials. Cayayabs current project includes the Ryan Cayabyab Singers (RCS), a group of seven young adult singers comparable like his group Smokey Mountain in the early 90s. After FreemantleMedia decided not to renew the Philippine Idol franchise, Cayabyab decided to transfer to rival show Pinoy Dream Academy (Season 2), replacing Jim Paredes as the shows headmaster. PDA 2 started on June 14, 2008. Nonoy Zuà ±iga Nonoy Z’s singing career spans more than 3 decades; as a folksinger from 1971 to 1975 and then as one of the lead singers of the Family Birth Control Band  which performed in the best nightspots and hotels like Philippine Plaza, Holiday Inn and the Manila Hotel from 1975-1980. To hone his skill, he took special voice training from the late Aurelio Estanislao, a well-known tenor singer and music-voice professor at the University of the Philippines. With his clear baritone voice he started to attract the attention of music buffs. His style and rendition of different songs especially love songs made him acquire a number of distinct awards, Bayang Barrios Lumad origin, born on June 12, 1986. A Filipino musician who hails from Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, and is known for her use of indigenous instruments and styles. In 2005, Barrios song Isipin Mo Na Lang was used in end credits of the indie Filipino film Ang Pagdadalaga Ni Maximo Oliveros (The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros). In September 2008, she launched her fourth album entitled Biyaya. Ramon Jacinto Jacinto has always tried to put music and business together. He started to enter the world of entrepreneurship at the young age of 15. He built up his first enterprise called RJ Enterprises, a company which dealt with producing and release records. RJ Enterprises pioneered multi-track recording in the country and eventually became the primary studio choice for many artists and advertising agencies at that time. Two years later, Jacinto ventured to establish what would become a legendary radio station in the Philippine broadcasting industry – DZRJ. It served as a venue for on-air experiments of radio concepts which were never heard before in Philippine entertainment history. Manned by students, mostly coming from Jacintos high school class, the radio station introduced alternative music to the Filipino youth. It was the first station to play songs from rock legends such as the Beatles, the Ventures and the Beachboys. The radio station also gave emphasis on playing the music of local talent. Apart from DZRJ, Jacinto also established the now defunct, DZUW. Pepe Smith a Filipino singer-songwriter, drummer, and guitarist. More commonly known alternately as Joey Smith and Pepe Smith, he is an icon of original Filipino rock music or Pinoy Rock. Gary Valenciano Born 6 August 1964, better known as Gary Valenciano or Gary V., is a Filipino musician. Also known as Mr. Pure Energy, Valenciano has released 26 albums, and won the Awit Awards for Best Male Performer eleven times. In 1998, he became UNICEF Philippines first National Ambassador. His most notable songs include Di Bale Na Lang (Never mind), Eto Na Naman (Here we go again), Sana Maulit Muli (Hope it repeats again), Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos? (Does God sleep), Gaya ng Dati (Just like before), Pasko Na, Sinta Ko (Its Christmas already, my love), and Narito (Here). He is currently part of ABS-CBN contract actors, and is frequently tapped to sing theme songs for the networks soap operas and films. Fr. Eduardo Hontiveros Fr. Honti, as he is fondly known, was educated at the Capiz Elementary School and the pre-war Ateneo de Manila in Padre Faura, graduating from high school in 1939. From 1939 to 1945 he was at San Jose Seminary. He entered the Society of Jesus after the war in 1945, pronouncing first vows at Sacred Heart Novitiate in Novaliches in June 1947. He finished his studies of philosophy there and then proceeded to Ateneo de Zamboanga for his three-year regency, teaching religion, Latin, and English, and moderating the Choir String Band. In 1951, he traveled to the United States to study theology, and was ordained in 1954 by Francis Cardinal Spellman. After earning a doctorate in theology from the Gregorian University in Rome, he returned to teach in the Philippines in 1958. He pronounced final vows in the Society of Jesus in 1960. Fr. Honti’s initiatives have been recognized with the Ateneo de Manila University’s Tanglaw ng Lahi Award (1976), the Asian Catholic Publishers’ â€Å"Outstanding Catholic Author† (1992), and the Papal award Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice (2000), among many other awards and citations. He suffered another major stroke in early January 2008, and died  on January 15th. At his funeral Mass at the Ateneo’s Church of the Gesu, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was present to honor him with the Presidential Medal of Merit (awarded posthumously). Fr. Manoling Francisco Fr. Manoling Francisco SJ entered the Society of Jesus after second year in college in 1985. As a child he had aspired to be a concert pianist; nevertheless he decided to discontinue his classical piano training at the age of 14 to devote his time to school and socio-civic activities. It was in his First Year High that he composed Hindi Kita Malilimutan. has been popularized by Mr. Basil Valdez. During the past 17 years he has composed more than a hundred and fifty songs such as Tanging Yaman, Sa ‘Yo Lamang are being sung all over the country – indeed, whatever there are Filipinos gathered together in prayer and liturgical celebration. Today, he is easily one of the most gifted musicians in the country.

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women According to Edward Said, the West constructs a notion of the East as â€Å"other,† through orientalism which turns the East into a place to be feared or desired as an image of the Wests imagined â€Å"otherness.† as noted in the work of Peter Brooks Mahabarata, and contemporary films like we have seen in Avatar, or of practitioners that subvert and challenge orientalist perception found in the West, as we have seen in M Butterfly. Through an examination of performance from at least two different cultures, show how the theatre is used to either exotify the other in a kind of â€Å"Oriental Gaze,† and the work of other contemporary practitioners who wish to challenge these â€Å"otherings† of a culture. Introduction The phenomenon of orientalism in art and literature is one of the most historical and cultural phenomena. The idea of orientalism played an important role in literature of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century in Europe, It was more widely referring to the portraying of the East by Western artists, as the fascination with the orient influenced many of the romantic writers who situated novels and poetry about the mysterious Eastern lands and also dazzled many famous painters who were surprised and impressed by the charm and beauty of the East. These painters translated that fascination in their paintings using many methods, while some of them painted what they actually saw and experienced in the East, others painted their imagination about the myths and magical tales of the mysterious East. The East became an interesting destination for travellers, many of whom went on to write about and paint their experiences in the exotic lands among unfamiliar peoples and customs. In arts in gene ral, the orient became associated with beautiful landscapes, eroticism and mystery. Many scholars place the beginning of postcolonial studies in history, literature, philosophy, anthropology, and arts at the publication of Saids orientalism, published in 1978. Said focuses his attention in this work on the interplay between the Occident which refer to the West and the Orient, which refer to the East. In this essay I will explore the meaning of the other and otherness from the perspective of the European gaze. I will try to find out how the west sees the east by focusing on their image of the eastern women through theatre as it is one of the important arts that reflect the community gazes, by analyzing the â€Å"Veil† symbol and it representation through Oscar wild play â€Å"Salome† and the â€Å"Fan† symbol through Puccinis opera â€Å"M. Butterfly†. As well as I will show how some practitioners subvert and challenge orientalist perception in the West and also how they sometimes fall victims to the stereotyping in the middle east of the challenges. Orientalism Orientalism broadly defined, as the representation of the Eastern world by the western world, more deeply, as the study of the Orient by western scholars and their evaluation of its social and moral values, and its future prospects. The beginning of oriantalism perception was in the 19th century by scholars who translated some writings of the East into English, in order to know more about the Eastern cultures which will empower the west with knowledge of how to conquer and defeat the Eastern countries (Sered, 1996). By the mid-19th century oriental studies expanded and became important to many scholars. However, racist attitudes and stereotypes have become inherent to this cultural movement. The West saw the Eastern art and literature as exotic and inferior to their ideals. Many critical theorists pointed out that there is much that can be learned about the Wests image of itself through the way Western writers have portrayed the orient The idea of the oriental as the â€Å"Other,† or the mysterious unknown, reflects the European concerns about ones own identity (Byington, 2001). Orientalism is a way of thinking about the East as strange, exotic, dark, mysterious, erotic and dangerous, and has helped the West to define itself through this contrasting image. The west had always seen the East as inferior and to rationalize the colontiastion of the East, they had to define eastern people as despotic or stagnant and in need of Christianizing, civilizing or controls (Hà ¼binette, 2002). Edward Said and Orientalism Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between the Orient and (most of the time) the Occident†¦ In short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient. (Said, 1978) The most influential critique on orientalism came in 1978 with Edward Said. He managed to attack the oriental perception not only to our notions of the ways in which the West constructs representations and portraitures the East but, to how the ideology of Othering is facilitated through Art and literature in his book â€Å"Orientalism†. According to Said, the West has created a â€Å"dichotomy† between the reality of the East and the romantic notion of the Orient. The Middle East and Asia are viewed with prejudice and racism. The West has created a culture, history, and future promise for the East. On this framework rests not only the study of the Orient, but also the political imperialism of Europe in the East. He discussed the dialectical relationship between Occident and Orient as is a manifestation of â€Å"us versus them† (Said 1978). Said argued that Orient and Occident worked as oppositional terms, so that the Orient was constructed as a negative inversion of Western culture. He studied many works of European scholars and writers specialized in the peoples of the Middle East in order to denounce the relations of power between the colonizer and the colonized in their texts. Said thinks that by knowing the Orient, the West came to own it. So according to Said, it is imperialism which motivated orientalism. Without imperialism, westerners would never have study near and Far-Eastern societies and culture (Sered, 1996). Said asserts that according to the Occidentals, the Orientals had no history or culture independent of their colonial masters. Orientalism is more an indicator of the power the West holds over the Orient, than about the Orient itself. After Said, numerous studies have been published on the different orientalisms of the West that various countries and cultures of Asia have suffered. Among many orientalists, Said ´s book provoked angry and sometimes even hateful responses, while others declared themselves ready for a fundamental change of attitude towards Asia and the Asians, their objects of study. Said ´s theory of orientalism has also provided feminists and post-colonial theorists with a general method of understanding the nature of oppression (Hà ¼binette, 2002) Said argued that the West has stereotyped the East in art and literature, since antiquity such as the composition of The Persians by Aeschylus so in modern times, Europe had dominated Asia politically that even the most outwardly objective Western texts on the East were permeated with a bias that Western scholars could not recognize. Western scholars appropriated the task of exploration and interpretation of the Orients languages, history and culture for themselves, with the implication that the East was not capable of composing its own narrative. They have written Asias past and constructed its modern identities from a perspective that takes Europe as the norm, from which the exotic, inscrutable Orient deviates. Said concluded that Western writings about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised Other, contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West, a contrast he suggests derives from the need to create difference between West and East that can be attributed to immutable essences in the Oriental make-up. A mean of expressing cultural and social identity The term oriantalism was increasingly used by sociologists and other scholars since the 1990s, to refer to ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and cultural representations of the Eastern societies (Chua, 2008). Orientalism became a way of thinking about the world and the cultures that inhabit it. It acquires global significance through the identification and provision of these cultures in ways that support, even promote, on a political and economic superiority of the West. Edward Said, pointed out in his definition of Orientalism that the Orient is â€Å"almost a European invention, a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences† (Said, 1978). He also pointed that the Orient helped the West to define itself, as it consider to be a contrasting image in terms of people, ideas, experiences, etc. As Orientalism lives on in the academic world, many writers, ideologues, journalists, political, historians, poets, painters, moviemakers and others contributed to the Orientalist vision of the world, they justify that by the impossibility of studying the Orient, without being influenced by Orientalism. The other and the otherness The other can be defined as the image outside oneself, each different yet somehow the same and, therefore, connected by their reflection. It can also be understood within the double of self and can be seen as organizing the very existence of individual subjects. While otherness is the condition of being different from that otherwise experienced or known (1). The term The other is usually used by social, ethical, cultural, or literary critics, they use this term in order to understand the social and psychological ways in which one group excludes or marginalizes another group. By using the term â€Å"other†, the persons begin to notice the dissimilarity from another, and this is usually shown in the way they represent others, especially through stereotypical images. The West used these terms to identify what they didnt understand about the Eastern culture as the contemporary preoccupation with other and otherness in the west which represents a concern for personal identity. But in order to understand the Eastern culture they had to exclude them from the normality and surrounding them with mystic cloud thus the focusing on â€Å"otherness† became a way of understanding the cultures differences more than similarities ((Portis, 2009). Portrayal of the Orient in arts In the nineteenth century, when more artists travelled to the Middle East, they began representing more numerous scenes of Oriental culture. In many of these works, they portrayed the Orient as exotic, colourful and sensual. Such works typically concentrated on the Middle East countries. French artists such as Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres who painted many work portraying the Middle East culture. When Ingres, painted a highly coloured vision of a Turkish bath, he made his eroticized Orient publicly acceptable by his diffuse generalizing of the female forms. Even so, in contrast to Eugà ¨ne Delacroix who had visited an Algerian harem in person which after he painted the Algerian harem, Ingres never travelled to Africa or the Middle East to see such subjects in person, and the courtesans shown are more Caucasian and European than Middle Eastern or African in appearance. For Ingres the oriental theme was above all a pretext for portraying the female nude in a passive and sexual context. Exotic elements are few and far between in the image musical instruments, a censer and a few ornaments (Elif, 2008). In Theatre, Madam Butterfly and Mikado are considering examples to the oriental perception to the Far East. As Gilbert and Sullivan in Mikado and Puccinis Madam Butterfly -which is based on a short story written by John Luther Long and dramatized by David Belasco- depict Japanese culture musically and dramatically. They used Western musical views of Japanese and Oriental music in both plays as well as they used the western stereotyping of the Japanese people as the costumes, white faces, hair design, etc. without presenting the true nature of this culture. These performances played on stereotypical Western views of the Far East in general and the Japanese culture in particular. Moreover, in movies, Arabs were largely romanticized and viewed as exotic and part of an alluring orientalism during the 1940s. The rich Arab in robes became a more popular theme, especially during the oil crisis of the 1970s. In the 1990s the Arab terrorist became a common villain figure in Western movies. The images of women in East Many scholars who wrote about or painted the East didnt really visit or experienced the Eastern culture, they just interpreted what they imagined, that inherent the image of the Eastern people, in particular the women, with stereotyping. Asian women have been portrayed as prostitutes, aggressive, opportunistic sexual beings and predatory gold diggers using their feminine to get what they want (Hofstede, 1996). Also Arab women were usually portrayed as exotic belly dancers or mute, subservient, and repressed. Western film and literature has continually portrayed such stereotypes of Eastern women. Stereotypes of Asian women There are lots of terms portraying the stereotyping of the Asian women such as the â€Å"Dragon Lady† which was portrayed as a strong, cold and ferocious woman who was knowledgeable in the art of sexual pleasure unknown to the Western world. Another is the â€Å"China Doll† stereotype which portrays Asian women as subservient, compliant and anxious to please. It also identified all Asian women as Chinese. From the perspective of the west, Asian women are meant to be seen and played with as a doll. In Western culture, The â€Å"Geisha† is seen as a prostitute or sex entertainer, this stereotype indicates that Eastern women are valued and used for their bodies for aesthetic pleasure. On the contrary, a Geisha in Japanese culture is a kind of an artist. They are trained in developing certain social skills such as dancing, singing, tea-making, conversing and serving to be an artistic entertainer not prostitute (Prasso, 2005). Also there are other terms refer of stere otyping the Asian women suggesting that they are sexually available to foreign white men as â€Å"Yellow cab†, â€Å"Sarong party girl and Comfort Women There is lots of stereotyping to the Asian women from the western perspective that harmed their identity; all these stereotypes perceptions depended on how the West misunderstands the East, Asian women are usually portrayed as beautiful, sexually available, exotic, and loyal but submissive. According to Elaine Kim a Professor of Asian American Studies, the stereotype of Asian women as submissive has hindered Asian womens economic mobility. Stereotypes of the Middle East women From decades, separation between nations and individuals has been maintained by very powerful symbolic boundaries leads us, symbolically, to close ranks culture and to stigmatize and expel anything which is defined as impure, strangely attractive precisely because it is forbidden, taboo, threatening to cultural order (Hall, 1997). Since the first contacts with the Arab world, the West has developed a set of stereotypes depicting Arabs as uncivilized and violent. As with the spread of colonization during the 19th century, an organized scholarship devoted to the representation of ‘Otherness emerged as a defining moment in this cross-cultural history (Hirchi, 2007). The stereotypical representations of Arabs and Muslims are often manifested in literature, media, theatre and other creative expressions. Arabs and Muslims in TV and movies are often involving themes associated with violence. As the words â€Å"Muslim† or â€Å"Arab† is connected with the image terrorist and bomb-making or sometimes refer to the wealthy oilmen. An Arab woman is usually represented, a belly dancer, sex objects, whore, terrorist or subservient, imprisoned behind a veil of powerlessness (Shaheen, 1988). Even in cartoons which is consider to be aimed at children is full of negative images of Arab women which portray them as belly dancers, exotic and harem girls, (Wingfield and Karaman, 1995). These stereotypes dont only harm the psychological and cultural part of the Eastern civilisation but also helps dehumanizing a group first before attacking it (Qumsiyeh, 1998). Salome as a representative of the Arab women For decades Salome figure has became a representation of the Arab women. The west used to see the Arab women evil, seductive, belly dancers, nudes and that was shown in lots of arts work of that time which is considers stereotyping to the Arab women. The origin of Salome story and her famous dance came from the Bible: But at a birthday party for Herod, Herodias daughter performed a dance that greatly pleased him, so he vowed to give her anything she wanted. Consequently, at her mothers urging, the girl asked for John the Baptists head on a tray. The king was grieved, but because of his oath, and because he didnt want to back down in front of his guests, he issued the necessary orders. (Matthew 14:6-11) Herodias chance finally came. It was Herods birthday and he gave a stag party for his palace aides, army officers, and the leading citizens of Galilee. Then Herodias daughter came in and danced before them and greatly pleased them all. Ask me for anything you like, the king vowed, even half of my kingdom, and I will give it to you! She went out and consulted her mother, who told her, Ask for John the Baptists head! So she hurried back to the king and told him, I want the head of John the Baptist right now on a tray! Then the king was sorry, but he was embarrassed to break his oath in front of his guests. So he sent one of his bodyguards to the prison to cut off Johns head and bring it to him. The soldier killed John in the prison, and brought back his head on a tray, and gave it to the girl and she took it to her mother. (Mark 6:21-28) In reading the Biblical description, we find out that there is no specification of the kind of dance Herodias daughter did. Nothing claim that her dance involved veils, or the removal of clothing, or seduction. Actually there is no proof in the bible story that the death of John the Baptist is linked to the seductive seven veils striptease. In 1891, Oscar Wilde wrote his play Salomà © based on the origin story in the bible. Wildes play portrays Salomà © as an evil character who becomes obsessed with John the Baptist (Elliot, 2002). Herod: Do not rise, my wife, my queen, it will avail thee nothing. I will not go within till she hath danced. Dance, Salomà ©, dance for me. Herodias: Do not dance my daughter. Salomà ©: I am ready, Tetrarch. [Salomà © dances the dance of the seven veils.] (Wilde, 1891) The script of the play does not specify that the dance must be seductive or a consisting any striptease of veils. In the beginning of the 20th century, the fascination with the Middle East become at its peak, the writers and painters saw the story of John the Baptist as a good example of the orient from their perspectives the story had all the elements that make for public interest sexual overtones as murder, politics and the seductive dance. However, the dance of the seven veils has never been a part of Middle Eastern dance traditions, and is not performed in the Middle East today. But it was invented by western, and has been preserved for entertainment reasons. The veil which is just only a piece of cloth is marked as a part of mystery and myth. It is both part of the culture and the imaginations of people in the East. The veil and the harem symbols have always fascinated the Western people. They were prevented from seeing and communicating with Arab women and that produced feelings of frustration and aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, the veil has provided men with the fantasy of exotic and erotic experiences with the beauty behind the veil (Mabro, 1991). In the Middle East, the veil was and still is a modesty garment which is worn to protect a respectable Muslim woman from the prying eyes of male strangers. May be it is used in some dance performance but without the incorporate removal of seven veils until the dancer stands totally nude. To conclude Salome is seen as an oriental misrepresentation to the Middle East women from the perspective of the Western. This misrepresentation have harmed the image of the true nature of the Middle Eastern women as they were seen as evil, belly dancers, seductive and nude with no respect to their own identity and religion. And the veil become associated to that mis representation as it become a seductive tool linked with nudity. M. Butterfly as a representative of the Asian women â€Å"Female sacrifice narratives can be traced back to biblical tales like the story of Ruth, who gives up everything for the sake of her husband who has a culture and religion different from her own. In America Pocahontas tales, which call for the sacrifice of the woman of color for the sake of white men, have been common. However, the Japanese Madame Butterfly has become the best known modern manifestation of this type of narrative.† (Marchetti, 1993) Madame Butterfly is an opera by Giacomo Puccini. He based his opera in part on the short story Madame Butterfly (1898) by John Luther Long, which was dramatized by David Belasco. Puccini also based it on the novel Madame Chrysanthà ¨me (1887) by Pierre Loti. Puccinis Madame Butterfly is a tragic story of love, betrayal and a young mother ultimate sacrifice. It is a story and myth lies at the heart of Western perceptions of Japanese women as passive, selfless, and dedicated completely to their husbands and families. The work reveals numerous stereotypes and prejudices of the Western world concerning oriental culture. It become an icon and myth of the Japanese woman as the ideal of loving self-sacrificing, devoted wife to a Western husband. â€Å"Despite the changes and the increasing independence of Japanese women in the nineties, the dated Western stereotypes of Japanese women remain firmly entrenched in print, broadcasted, and film media. In the latter, especially, Japanese women are still routinely depicted with painted faces and geisha attire†¦.The prototype for all of these images was Cio-Cio-San in Puccinis Madame Butterfly†¦ This classic portrayal has no doubt had a long-lasting effect on the psyche of Western males. The compliance and gentleness attributed to Japanese women have long struck a responsive chord in men used to self-assertive, confrontational, and independent Western women† (Ma, 1996) There are lots of visual elements in this performance that contributed in the stereotyping process of the Asian women as the hair style, white face makeup, scenograph of the place and most important, the costumes which are the kimonos of the main character of the play, Madam butterfly. The west attempts to understand Japan through the metaphor of the kimono. The kimono was inherent to the Asian culture for decades. There are many types and styles of kimono which are worn depending of the formality of the occasion, the age of the wearer, their marital status, time of day, and time of season. In addition to colours and styles, the way kimono is worn differs between whether it is a single or married woman. All of these factors come into play when deciding what kimono is appropriate to wear and how to wear it which means that the kimono is not just a dress but its a culture. The West has treated this culture by great contempt, as any shape of kimono represent the Asian women regardless this kimono culture. (Goldstein , 1999) To conclude, Madam Butterfly helped stereotyping Asian women by surrounding them by the fence of isolation. It has become a representation of the cultural identity and a misrepresentation associated with submission, fragility, and femininity. And by dealing with the kimono as a representation symbol of that culture it became associated to these concepts. As if Madame Butterfly didnt wear the kimono a lots of concepts and stereotyping perception could change. Contemporary representation History reveals that western arts have humiliated, demonized, and eroticized Arab women. These images inherited and embellished western pre-existing Arab stereotypes. In the 18th and 19th centurys western artists and writers offered fictional renditions of women as bathed and submissive exotic object. The stereotype came to be accepted as valid, becoming an indelible part of European popular culture. Nowadays the Arab women in western arts still trapped in the siege of being veiled, silent or a terrorist. While the Asian women representation changed a little as female characters in movies or TV dramas have shifted from obedient weak girls to strong, intelligent, working women. David Henry Hwang change attempt in his M. Butterfly David Henry Hwang is a contemporary Asian American playwright his play is a deconstruction of Puccinis opera Madame Butterfly. Hwang play shows that gender roles provide people with an identity based on determining the â€Å"other† and being the opposite. The actual categories of what we consider to be male and female exist only in our minds as ways to identify ourselves. Madame Butterfly is not just a story about love relations or the homosexuality; it is more than that where it raises themes as sexuality, ethnicity, imperialism and race. Madame Butterfly is consider one of the most important play in terms of challenging the political, social and cultural identities of the West over the last decade, This play forces its Western audience to deal differently with Eastern stereotypes involving sexual orientation, gender, and culture, especially those stereotypes issued by the myth of Orientalism (Burns Hunter, 2005). In Hwang play, the reason that Gallimard failed to discern that his lover was a man can be attributed to the cultural stereotype imposed by the West on the East. The West thinks of itself as masculine while it regards the East as feminine, â€Å"weak, delicate, poor but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom — the feminine mystique.† (Hwang, 1988).The West expects Oriental women to be submissive to Western men. Also the themes of racism and sexism are linked. Thus, even Eastern men are feminized. As Song puts it, â€Å"being an Oriental, I could never be completely a man.† At the end of the play, the Hwang reversed the roles of Gallimard and Song; he began to demolish the racial and sexual stereotypes that he has been steadily exposing from the beginning. Gallimard, exploited, loving, betrayed, becomes like Butterfly, while Song is revealed not only as a man but also as a deceiver like Pinkerton in Puccinis Madame Butterfly who was never what he appeared to be. He wanted to show the Western audience that stereotypes are not only dangerous, they are also false. Conclusion It is important to say that the East had fascinated the Western and became a new source of inspiration for the artists, as painting, literature, theatre, movies and other creative arts. A new artistic movement, Orientalism, was born from this fascination. However, Orientalism in the 19th century was not always representative of what and how the East really was. Many distortions and stereotypes existed, and that led to some criticisms from scholars like Edward Said who didnt agree of how the west stereotype the East without real understands to the Eastern cultures. The West treated the East as inferiors in order to have the right to colonize them; their justification was that the East has to be civilized by the hand of the West. The stereotypical images of the Eastern women which was and still promoted by the Western media has a great effect on the culture image in general and the economic mobility in particular, as this stereotyping had harmed the tourism in the Middle East as it a t errorist countries as well as created the sex tourism in the Far East it exotic countries.